1.网关是怎么演化来的
- 单体应用拆分成多个服务后,对外需要一个统一入口,解耦客户端与内部服务
2.网关的基本功能
- 网关核心功能是路由转发,因此不要有耗时操作在网关上处理,让请求快速转发到后端服务上
- 网关还能做统一的熔断、限流、认证、日志监控等
3.关于Spring Cloud Gateway
Spring Cloud Gateway是由spring官方基于Spring5.0、Spring Boot2.0、Project Reactor等技术开发的网关,使用非阻塞API,Websockets得到支持,目的是代替原先版本中的Spring Cloud Netfilx Zuul,目前Netfilx已经开源了Zuul2.0,但Spring 没有考虑集成,而是推出了自己开发的Spring Cloud GateWay。这里需要注意一下gateway使用的netty+webflux实现,不要加入web依赖(不要引用webmvc),否则初始化会报错 ,需要加入webflux依赖。
gateway与zuul的简单比较:gateway使用的是异步请求,zuul是同步请求,gateway的数据封装在ServerWebExchange里,zuul封装在RequestContext里,同步方便调式,可以把数据封装在ThreadLocal中传递。
Spring Cloud Gateway有三个核心概念:路由、断言、过滤器
过滤器:gateway有两种filter:GlobalFilter、GatewayFilter,全局过滤器默认对所有路由有效。
文档地址:https://cloud.spring.io/spring-cloud-static/Finchley.SR2/multi/multi_spring-cloud.html
网关作为所有请求流量的入口,在实际生产环境中为了保证高可靠和高可用,尽量避免重启,需要用到动态路由配置,在网关运行过程中更改路由配置
4.代码实践
需要用到3个项目,eureka-server、gateway、consumer-service
- 1.eureka-server 服务发现注册,供gateway转发请求时获取服务实例 ip+port,使用前面博客中的示例代码
- 2.新建 gateway 网关项目,项目引用如下:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
在主类上启用服务发现注册注解 @EnableDiscoveryClient
配置文件内容如下:
server:
port: 9999
spring:
profiles:
active: dev
application:
name: gateway-service
cloud:
gateway:
discovery:
locator:
enabled: true
# 服务名小写
lower-case-service-id: true
routes:
- id: consumer-service
# lb代表从注册中心获取服务,且已负载均衡方式转发
uri: lb://consumer-service
predicates:
- Path=/consumer/**
# 加上StripPrefix=1,否则转发到后端服务时会带上consumer前缀
filters:
- StripPrefix=1
# 注册中心
eureka:
instance:
prefer-ip-address: true
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://zy:zy123@localhost:10025/eureka/
# 暴露监控端点
management:
endpoints:
web:
exposure:
include: '*'
endpoint:
health:
show-details: always
上面就完成了网关代码部分,下面新建consumer-service
- 3.consumer-service 消费者服务 ,通过网关路由转发到消费者服务,并返回信息回去,因此是个mvc的项目
项目引用如下:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
在主类上启用服务发现注册注解 @EnableDiscoveryClient
在配置文件中添加配置:
server.port=9700
spring.application.name=consumer-service
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
# 配置eureka-server security的账户信息
eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone=http://zy:zy123@localhost:10025/eureka/
新建 IndexController ,添加一个 hello 方法,传入name参数,访问后返回 hi + name 字符串
@RestController
public class IndexController {
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String hello(String name){
return "hi " + name;
}
}
- 4.分别启动3个项目,访问 http://localhost:10025 看eureka上gateway与consumer-service实例是否注册了,可以看到已经注册了,分别在9700、9999端口
通过网关访问consumer-service的hello方法,http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy ,效果如下,说明请求已经转发到consumer-service服务上了
以上完成了网关的基本代码,下面继续介绍一些常用的过滤器,通过过滤器实现统一认证鉴权、日志、安全等检验
- 5.在网关项目中添加 GlobalFilter 全局过滤器,打印每次请求的url,代码如下:
/**
* 全局过滤器
* 所有请求都会执行
* 可拦截get、post等请求做逻辑处理
*/
@Component
public class RequestGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter,Ordered {
//执行逻辑
@Override
public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
ServerHttpRequest serverHttpRequest= exchange.getRequest();
String uri = serverHttpRequest.getURI().toString();
System.out.println(" uri : " + uri);//打印每次请求的url
String method = serverHttpRequest.getMethodValue();
if ("POST".equals(method)) {
//从请求里获取Post请求体
String bodyStr = resolveBodyFromRequest(serverHttpRequest);
//TODO 得到Post请求的请求参数后,做你想做的事
//下面的将请求体再次封装写回到request里,传到下一级,否则,由于请求体已被消费,后续的服务将取不到值
URI uri = serverHttpRequest.getURI();
ServerHttpRequest request = serverHttpRequest.mutate().uri(uri).build();
DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = stringBuffer(bodyStr);
Flux<DataBuffer> bodyFlux = Flux.just(bodyDataBuffer);
request = new ServerHttpRequestDecorator(request) {
@Override
public Flux<DataBuffer> getBody() {
return bodyFlux;
}
};
//封装request,传给下一级
return chain.filter(exchange.mutate().request(request).build());
} else if ("GET".equals(method)) {
Map requestQueryParams = serverHttpRequest.getQueryParams();
//TODO 得到Get请求的请求参数后,做你想做的事
return chain.filter(exchange);
}
return chain.filter(exchange);
}
/**
* 从Flux<DataBuffer>中获取字符串的方法
* @return 请求体
*/
private String resolveBodyFromRequest(ServerHttpRequest serverHttpRequest) {
//获取请求体
Flux<DataBuffer> body = serverHttpRequest.getBody();
AtomicReference<String> bodyRef = new AtomicReference<>();
body.subscribe(buffer -> {
CharBuffer charBuffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer.asByteBuffer());
DataBufferUtils.release(buffer);
bodyRef.set(charBuffer.toString());
});
//获取request body
return bodyRef.get();
}
private DataBuffer stringBuffer(String value) {
byte[] bytes = value.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
NettyDataBufferFactory nettyDataBufferFactory = new NettyDataBufferFactory(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT);
DataBuffer buffer = nettyDataBufferFactory.allocateBuffer(bytes.length);
buffer.write(bytes);
return buffer;
}
//执行顺序
@Override
public int getOrder() {
return 1;
}
}
重新运行网关项目,并访问 http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy ,查看控制台,可看到 uri 日志被打印出来了
- 6.在网关项目中添加 GatewayFilter 过滤器 ,我们给consumer-service 添加 token 认证过滤器 ,和全局过滤器u同的是,GatewayFilter需要在配置文件中指定那个服务使用此过滤器,代码如下:
/**
* 可对客户端header 中的 Authorization 信息进行认证
*/
@Component
public class TokenAuthenticationFilter extends AbstractGatewayFilterFactory {
private static final String Bearer_ = "Bearer ";
@Override
public GatewayFilter apply(Object config) {
return (exchange, chain) -> {
ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();
ServerHttpRequest.Builder mutate = request.mutate();
ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();
try {
//String token = exchange.getRequest().getQueryParams().getFirst("authToken");
//1.获取header中的Authorization
String header = request.getHeaders().getFirst("Authorization");
if (header == null || !header.startsWith(Bearer_)) {
throw new RuntimeException("请求头中Authorization信息为空");
}
//2.截取Authorization Bearer
String token = header.substring(7);
//可把token存到redis中,此时直接在redis中判断是否有此key,有则校验通过,否则校验失败
if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)){
System.out.println("验证通过");
//3.有token,把token设置到header中,传递给后端服务
mutate.header("userDetails",token).build();
}else{
//4.token无效
System.out.println("token无效");
DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = responseErrorInfo(response , HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.toString() ,"无效的请求");
return response.writeWith(Mono.just(bodyDataBuffer));
}
}catch (Exception e){
//没有token
DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = responseErrorInfo(response , HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.toString() ,e.getMessage());
return response.writeWith(Mono.just(bodyDataBuffer));
}
ServerHttpRequest build = mutate.build();
return chain.filter(exchange.mutate().request(build).build());
};
}
/**
* 自定义返回错误信息
* @param response
* @param status
* @param message
* @return
*/
public DataBuffer responseErrorInfo(ServerHttpResponse response , String status ,String message){
HttpHeaders httpHeaders = response.getHeaders();
httpHeaders.add("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8");
httpHeaders.add("Cache-Control", "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0");
response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);
Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("status",status);
map.put("message",message);
DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(map.toString().getBytes());
return bodyDataBuffer;
}
}
在配置文件中指定consumer-service服务使用 TokenAuthenticationFilter ,配置如下:
routes:
- id: consumer-service
uri: lb://consumer-service
predicates:
- Path=/consumer/**
filters:
# 进行token过滤
- TokenAuthenticationFilter
- StripPrefix=1
运行项目,再次访问 http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy
- 7.前后端分离项目解决网关跨域问题,在网关主类中添加以下代码:
@Bean
public WebFilter corsFilter() {
return (ServerWebExchange ctx, WebFilterChain chain) -> {
ServerHttpRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
if (!CorsUtils.isCorsRequest(request)) {
return chain.filter(ctx);
}
HttpHeaders requestHeaders = request.getHeaders();
ServerHttpResponse response = ctx.getResponse();
HttpMethod requestMethod = requestHeaders.getAccessControlRequestMethod();
HttpHeaders headers = response.getHeaders();
headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, requestHeaders.getOrigin());
headers.addAll(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_HEADERS, requestHeaders.getAccessControlRequestHeaders());
if (requestMethod != null) {
headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_METHODS, requestMethod.name());
}
headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS, "true");
headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_EXPOSE_HEADERS, "all");
headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_MAX_AGE, "3600");
if (request.getMethod() == HttpMethod.OPTIONS) {
response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.OK);
return Mono.empty();
}
return chain.filter(ctx);
};
}
代码已上传至码云,源码,项目使用的版本信息如下:
- SpringBoot 2.0.6.RELEASE
- SpringCloud Finchley.SR2
转自:https://blog.csdn.net/dark868/article/details/106532216/