1.网关是怎么演化来的
  • 单体应用拆分成多个服务后,对外需要一个统一入口,解耦客户端与内部服务
    在这里插入图片描述
2.网关的基本功能
  • 网关核心功能是路由转发,因此不要有耗时操作在网关上处理,让请求快速转发到后端服务上
  • 网关还能做统一的熔断、限流、认证、日志监控等
    在这里插入图片描述
3.关于Spring Cloud Gateway

Spring Cloud Gateway是由spring官方基于Spring5.0、Spring Boot2.0、Project Reactor等技术开发的网关,使用非阻塞API,Websockets得到支持,目的是代替原先版本中的Spring Cloud Netfilx Zuul,目前Netfilx已经开源了Zuul2.0,但Spring 没有考虑集成,而是推出了自己开发的Spring Cloud GateWay。这里需要注意一下gateway使用的netty+webflux实现,不要加入web依赖(不要引用webmvc),否则初始化会报错 ,需要加入webflux依赖。

gateway与zuul的简单比较:gateway使用的是异步请求,zuul是同步请求,gateway的数据封装在ServerWebExchange里,zuul封装在RequestContext里,同步方便调式,可以把数据封装在ThreadLocal中传递。

Spring Cloud Gateway有三个核心概念:路由、断言、过滤器
过滤器:gateway有两种filter:GlobalFilter、GatewayFilter,全局过滤器默认对所有路由有效。
文档地址:https://cloud.spring.io/spring-cloud-static/Finchley.SR2/multi/multi_spring-cloud.html

网关作为所有请求流量的入口,在实际生产环境中为了保证高可靠和高可用,尽量避免重启,需要用到动态路由配置,在网关运行过程中更改路由配置

4.代码实践

需要用到3个项目,eureka-server、gateway、consumer-service

  • 1.eureka-server 服务发现注册,供gateway转发请求时获取服务实例 ip+port,使用前面博客中的示例代码
  • 2.新建 gateway 网关项目,项目引用如下:
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency> 

在主类上启用服务发现注册注解 @EnableDiscoveryClient
配置文件内容如下:

server:
  port: 9999
spring:
  profiles:
    active: dev
  application:
    name: gateway-service
  cloud:
    gateway:
      discovery:
        locator:
          enabled: true
          # 服务名小写
          lower-case-service-id: true
      routes:
      - id: consumer-service
        # lb代表从注册中心获取服务,且已负载均衡方式转发
        uri: lb://consumer-service
        predicates:
        - Path=/consumer/**
        # 加上StripPrefix=1,否则转发到后端服务时会带上consumer前缀
        filters:
        - StripPrefix=1

# 注册中心
eureka:
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true
  client:
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://zy:zy123@localhost:10025/eureka/


# 暴露监控端点
management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: '*'
  endpoint:
    health:
      show-details: always 

上面就完成了网关代码部分,下面新建consumer-service

  • 3.consumer-service 消费者服务 ,通过网关路由转发到消费者服务,并返回信息回去,因此是个mvc的项目
    项目引用如下:
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency> 

在主类上启用服务发现注册注解 @EnableDiscoveryClient
在配置文件中添加配置:

server.port=9700
spring.application.name=consumer-service
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
# 配置eureka-server security的账户信息
eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone=http://zy:zy123@localhost:10025/eureka/
  •  

新建 IndexController ,添加一个 hello 方法,传入name参数,访问后返回 hi + name 字符串

@RestController
public class IndexController {

    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String hello(String name){
        return "hi " + name;
    }
} 
  • 4.分别启动3个项目,访问 http://localhost:10025 看eureka上gateway与consumer-service实例是否注册了,可以看到已经注册了,分别在9700、9999端口
    在这里插入图片描述

通过网关访问consumer-service的hello方法,http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy ,效果如下,说明请求已经转发到consumer-service服务上了
在这里插入图片描述

以上完成了网关的基本代码,下面继续介绍一些常用的过滤器,通过过滤器实现统一认证鉴权、日志、安全等检验

  • 5.在网关项目中添加 GlobalFilter 全局过滤器,打印每次请求的url,代码如下:
/**
 * 全局过滤器
 * 所有请求都会执行
 * 可拦截get、post等请求做逻辑处理
 */
@Component
public class RequestGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter,Ordered {

    //执行逻辑
    @Override
    public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
        ServerHttpRequest serverHttpRequest= exchange.getRequest();
        String uri = serverHttpRequest.getURI().toString();
        System.out.println(" uri : " + uri);//打印每次请求的url
        String method = serverHttpRequest.getMethodValue();
        if ("POST".equals(method)) {
            //从请求里获取Post请求体
            String bodyStr = resolveBodyFromRequest(serverHttpRequest);
            //TODO 得到Post请求的请求参数后,做你想做的事
 
            //下面的将请求体再次封装写回到request里,传到下一级,否则,由于请求体已被消费,后续的服务将取不到值
            URI uri = serverHttpRequest.getURI();
            ServerHttpRequest request = serverHttpRequest.mutate().uri(uri).build();
            DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = stringBuffer(bodyStr);
            Flux<DataBuffer> bodyFlux = Flux.just(bodyDataBuffer);
 
            request = new ServerHttpRequestDecorator(request) {
                @Override
                public Flux<DataBuffer> getBody() {
                    return bodyFlux;
                }
            };
            //封装request,传给下一级
            return chain.filter(exchange.mutate().request(request).build());
        } else if ("GET".equals(method)) {
            Map requestQueryParams = serverHttpRequest.getQueryParams();
            //TODO 得到Get请求的请求参数后,做你想做的事
 
            return chain.filter(exchange);
        }
        return chain.filter(exchange);
    }
	/**
     * 从Flux<DataBuffer>中获取字符串的方法
     * @return 请求体
     */
    private String resolveBodyFromRequest(ServerHttpRequest serverHttpRequest) {
        //获取请求体
        Flux<DataBuffer> body = serverHttpRequest.getBody();
 
        AtomicReference<String> bodyRef = new AtomicReference<>();
        body.subscribe(buffer -> {
            CharBuffer charBuffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer.asByteBuffer());
            DataBufferUtils.release(buffer);
            bodyRef.set(charBuffer.toString());
        });
        //获取request body
        return bodyRef.get();
    }
 
    private DataBuffer stringBuffer(String value) {
        byte[] bytes = value.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
 
        NettyDataBufferFactory nettyDataBufferFactory = new NettyDataBufferFactory(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT);
        DataBuffer buffer = nettyDataBufferFactory.allocateBuffer(bytes.length);
        buffer.write(bytes);
        return buffer;
    }

    //执行顺序
    @Override
    public int getOrder() {
        return 1;
    }
} 

重新运行网关项目,并访问 http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy ,查看控制台,可看到 uri 日志被打印出来了
在这里插入图片描述

  • 6.在网关项目中添加 GatewayFilter 过滤器 ,我们给consumer-service 添加 token 认证过滤器 ,和全局过滤器u同的是,GatewayFilter需要在配置文件中指定那个服务使用此过滤器,代码如下:
/**
 * 可对客户端header 中的 Authorization 信息进行认证
 */
@Component
public class TokenAuthenticationFilter extends AbstractGatewayFilterFactory {

    private static final String Bearer_ = "Bearer ";

    @Override
    public GatewayFilter apply(Object config) {
        return (exchange, chain) -> {
            ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();
            ServerHttpRequest.Builder mutate = request.mutate();
            ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();
            try {
                //String token = exchange.getRequest().getQueryParams().getFirst("authToken");
                //1.获取header中的Authorization
                String header = request.getHeaders().getFirst("Authorization");
                if (header == null || !header.startsWith(Bearer_)) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("请求头中Authorization信息为空");
                }
                //2.截取Authorization Bearer
                String token = header.substring(7);
                //可把token存到redis中,此时直接在redis中判断是否有此key,有则校验通过,否则校验失败
                if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)){
                    System.out.println("验证通过");
                    //3.有token,把token设置到header中,传递给后端服务
                    mutate.header("userDetails",token).build();
                }else{
                    //4.token无效
                    System.out.println("token无效");
                    DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = responseErrorInfo(response , HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.toString() ,"无效的请求");
                    return response.writeWith(Mono.just(bodyDataBuffer));
                }
            }catch (Exception e){
                //没有token
                DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = responseErrorInfo(response , HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.toString() ,e.getMessage());
                return response.writeWith(Mono.just(bodyDataBuffer));
            }
            ServerHttpRequest build = mutate.build();
            return chain.filter(exchange.mutate().request(build).build());
        };
    }

    /**
     * 自定义返回错误信息
     * @param response
     * @param status
     * @param message
     * @return
     */
    public DataBuffer responseErrorInfo(ServerHttpResponse response , String status ,String message){
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = response.getHeaders();
        httpHeaders.add("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8");
        httpHeaders.add("Cache-Control", "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0");

        response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);
        Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("status",status);
        map.put("message",message);
        DataBuffer bodyDataBuffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(map.toString().getBytes());
        return bodyDataBuffer;
    }
} 

在配置文件中指定consumer-service服务使用 TokenAuthenticationFilter ,配置如下:

routes:
- id: consumer-service
  uri: lb://consumer-service
  predicates:
  - Path=/consumer/**
  filters:
  # 进行token过滤
  - TokenAuthenticationFilter
  - StripPrefix=1 

运行项目,再次访问 http://localhost:9999/consumer/hello?name=zy
在这里插入图片描述

  • 7.前后端分离项目解决网关跨域问题,在网关主类中添加以下代码:
@Bean
	public WebFilter corsFilter() {
		return (ServerWebExchange ctx, WebFilterChain chain) -> {
			ServerHttpRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
			if (!CorsUtils.isCorsRequest(request)) {
				return chain.filter(ctx);
			}

			HttpHeaders requestHeaders = request.getHeaders();
			ServerHttpResponse response = ctx.getResponse();
			HttpMethod requestMethod = requestHeaders.getAccessControlRequestMethod();
			HttpHeaders headers = response.getHeaders();
			headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, requestHeaders.getOrigin());
			headers.addAll(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_HEADERS, requestHeaders.getAccessControlRequestHeaders());
			if (requestMethod != null) {
				headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_METHODS, requestMethod.name());
			}
			headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS, "true");
			headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_EXPOSE_HEADERS, "all");
			headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_MAX_AGE, "3600");
			if (request.getMethod() == HttpMethod.OPTIONS) {
				response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.OK);
				return Mono.empty();
			}
			return chain.filter(ctx);
		};
	} 

代码已上传至码云,源码,项目使用的版本信息如下:

- SpringBoot 2.0.6.RELEASE
- SpringCloud Finchley.SR2

转自:https://blog.csdn.net/dark868/article/details/106532216/